The power of government sanction

The power of government sanction: Tâi-lô, the system advocated by the Taiwanese Ministry of Education, is quickly replacing the century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī, surprisingly even in Malaysia and the Philippines. POJ is a well-established system with lots of publications. This shows what really counts is official recognition and promotion by a government, despite the fact that this alienates proponents of other systems. It is so ironic: The whole point about Taiwan switching from POJ to Tailo was to detach itself from the rest of the Sinosphere. What it actually did was to unwittingly "unite" the rest of the Hokken-speaking world. It's probably why Taiwan is now promoting Chinese-characters-based writing system, which is not readily available to non-Chinese-educated Southeast Asians.

Parent instinct vs. government policy 親の直感 vs. 政府の政策

下に、Googleが和訳したものに若干修正を加えて貼り付けます。

The other day, I overheard a group of young children playing and talking to each other in Taiwanese Hokkien (hereafter Taiwanese). This is very rare in Taipei City nowadays. Besides them a group of young mothers were talking to each other in Taiwanese. This is even rarer. A few moments before that, I had witnessed a young Taiwanese mother talking to her young child in Taiwan-accented English, and the child answering back in an impeccable American accent. This is increasingly not rare. Parent instinct for prestige in languages is stronger than government language policies.

The fact that the young mothers were chatting in Taiwanese, which is not a common thing to do at all in Taipei, shows that they have a strong language ideology, and made extra effort to ensure their children also spoke in Taiwanese. They themselves must have grown up speaking Mandarin as their primary language. But their ideology was strong enough to compel them to want to pass on Taiwanese to the next generation. This is quite rare. The children will likely become fluent speakers of Taiwanese, but as they grow up, Mandarin is likely to become their main language for socialization, since you don't get much socialization in Taiwanese in Taipei, especially among that age group. All this is in spite of the government spending huge amount of money and effort to promote Taiwanese.

On the other hand, most parents naturally choose whatever language they think is more advantageous for their children. This is why it's more and more common to see Taiwanese families picking up English as their home language. This trend would continue, even if the government was discouraging this practice. All the more, since the government actually isn't discouraging it. Parents' instinct for a prestigious language is normally stronger than government policies. 

先日、台湾の泉漳語（以下、台湾語）で遊んだり話したりしている幼い子供たちのグループを耳にしました。これは、今日の台北市では非常にまれです。それらに加えて、若い母親のグループが台湾語で互いに話していました。これはさらにまれです。その少し前に、台湾の若い母親が台湾訛りの英語で幼い子供と話しているのを目撃しました。子供は非の打ちどころのないアメリカ訛りで返事をしました。これはますます珍しいことではありません。言語における名声に対する親の本能は、政府の言語政策よりも強力です。

若い母親が台湾語でおしゃべりをしているという事実は、台北ではまったく一般的ではありませんが、彼らが強い言語イデオロギーを持っていることを示しており、子供たちも台湾語で話せるように特別な努力をしました。彼ら自身が彼らの第一言語として北京語を話すように成長したに違いありません。しかし、彼らのイデオロギーは、台湾語を次世代に引き継ぐことを強いるほど強力でした。これは非常にまれです。子供たちは台湾語を流暢に話すようになるでしょうが、彼らが成長するにつれて、特にその年齢層の間で、台北では台湾語では社交があまりないので、北京語が社交の主要言語になる可能性があります。これはすべて、政府が台湾語を促進するために莫大な金額と努力を費やしているにもかかわらずです。

一方、ほとんどの親は、子供にとってより有利であると考える言語を自然に選択します。これが、台湾の家族が母国語として英語を採用するのを見ることがますます一般的になっている理由です。たとえ政府がこの慣行を思いとどまらせていたとしても、この傾向は続くでしょう。政府は実際にそれを思いとどまらせていないので、なおさらです。一流の言語に対する親の本能は、通常、政府の政策よりも強力です。

The Bible, the Brits and Hong Kong nationalism

British protestant missionaries believed a nation originated from a group of people who had the Bible translated into their own vernacular. 

This seems to be the case in Hong Kong, albeit with a 100-year time lag. 

Cantonese with its Hong Kong characteristics has been a defining feature of the emerging Hong Kong identity. 

Cantonese has become the lingua franca of Hong Kong, despite the fact that only about a half of the population of the British commercial enclave was from Canton, the rest coming from various linguistic backgrounds, including the local dialect which significantly differs from Cantonese.

This was probably due to the influence of Canton traders who had a history of trading with western merchants. 

The Brits apparently kept the lessez-faire  attitude to language matter in the territory, partly in fear of Chinese nationalism, whose medium was Mandarin, seeping in across the border. 

Fast forward to 90s and 00s: Very few residents felt they were anything other than "Hong Kong Chinese."

However, since it became clear that Beijing didn't honor One Country Two Systems formula in the 10s, more and more Hongkongers started to be attracted to Hong Kong independence movement, hitherto unpopular. 

One of the things that made them really feel they were different from the rest of the world was their lingo, now increasingly in its written form, spread wide thanks to informal publications like magazines and comics. 

The Bible didn't result in a Canton Nation, but a people seem to be emerging, at least partly thanks to the language policy (or lack thereof) of the British. 

Can Taiwanese be revived? Five reasons why it's an uphill struggle

 I'll discuss here if Taiwanese (Hokkien) can be revived, not if it should be.

When a language becomes just one of the subjects at school, used in speech contests and cultural performances, but not used in families as the primary language, we say it has been folklorized. On the surface, it looks like the language is being celebrated as rich cultural artefact. But in fact, its vitality is pretty much all gone. A cynical way of looking at it would be to say that the governments already feels safe about promoting that language, because it knows that it is no longer a threat. Breton of France and Ainu of Japan come to mind. Building a museum, uploading popular anime dubbed in that language on YouTube, and adding that language to the bus stop announcements will do little to revive it. You will be doubtful if I say Taiwanese will become like that, I know. But the fact that Taiwanese is attriting at an unforeseen speed since it became a school subject 30 years ago. So can Taiwanese be rescued? My answer is rather negative, mainly for the following five reasons:

1. Only those driven by strong ideology are actively working for its preservation;
2. Precisely because of such strong ideologies, specialists can't agree with each other on how and what should be preserved;
3. The very idea of selecting one dialect and granting prestige to it so that it can be promoted through media and education contradicts with what they have been fighting so hard against;
4. Mandarin has a hidden value as the first island-wide lingua franca of Taiwan;
5. Taiwanese is no longer tied to Taiwan identity.

Reason 1

Strong ideology is prerequisite to language revitalization, said Joshua Fishman, Jewish sociolinguist and Yiddish-revivalist. I bet you have seldom come across a Taiwanese person who insists on speaking only in Taiwanese regardless of who they are talking to including their own children, even though it would be easier even for himself to use Mandarin. The Taiwanese are friendly and not known to inconvenience others for the sake of their own ideology.

Reasonable parents prioritize practicality. And the practical choice is to use Mandarin. Not that they don't think Taiwanese is important; but studies have found time and again that parents thought English was more important for their children than Taiwanese. So a regular Taiwanese parent would be satisfied that their child is now taught Taiwanese folk songs and traditional stories at school as now that Taiwanese is a school subject, and carry on speaking to their children in Mandarin. The consequence of this, of course, is a generation of Taiwanese who don't speak Taiwanese well. 

Reason 2

One of the reasons why school education in Taiwanese is unsuccessful is that its orthography has been changed so often. (We put aside for now the fact that Taiwanese people tend to place much less importance on romanized scripts than on Chinese characters.) The specialists with strong ideologies I talked about above cannot reach a compromise and agree on what romanized system to teach children. After all, each scholar has spent years developing his own system of romanization. Another example would be the scholars of National Cheng Kung University launching their own Taiwanese proficiency test, because they are not happy with the Hokkien Proficiency Test developed by the Ministry of Education in Taipei. So this resulted in the government adopting a romanization system nobody is familiar with, sacrificing the Pe̍h-ōe-jī invented by foreign missionaries and has been in use for over a century with lots of available publications. 

Now that I mentioned this: I've been uncritically using the term Taiwanese so far in this post. The specialists can't even agree on what to call the language! Each of the following terms have strong proponents and opponents: Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese, Holo, Hoklo, Southern Min. That's why I've chosen to stick to the popular terms, even if they may not be academically accurate. 

Reason 3

The next difficulty is the self-contradictory nature of the revivalist arguments. Ir order for Taiwanese to become a language that can be promoted in many domains including formal ones, it first needs to be standardized. Standardization means selecting one variety among many, making authoritative grammars, dictionaries, unified orthography, technical terminology, etc. Only then it can be promoted in schools, media, etc. and it will be to the exclusion of other varieties. In other words, that's what the KMT did to Mandarin in China, and then, in Taiwan. This also happens to be precisely what those language activists have been fighting so fiercely against for so many years. 

The Taiwanese revivalists may argue that it's different: Mandarin is an external language while Taiwanese, is an indigenous one. Or is it really so? Didn't Taiwanese originate from Fujian in China? This kind of circular argument is also seen in countries like the Philippines over English. If you insist that Taiwanese is OK and Mandarin is not, even when both are Chinese languages, then how can you be so sure that you are not, in any sense, being racist?

Even if we do decide that Taiwanese is somehow different from Mandarin, and therefore it's OK to coerce people into using it, it is highly unlikely that such a high-handed method is workable in today's democratic Taiwan. 

Reason 4

We also have to take into account the pull-factors of Mandarin. If people willingly chose to use Mandarin, there must have been some benefits to using it. And that benefit is the fact that Mandarin is the first Taiwan-wide lingua franca, minus Japanese which was not really Taiwan-wide (its use was limited largely to well-educated sectors typically in urban areas). Taiwanese (Hokkien), especially for Hakka people, is just one of the ethnic languages in Taiwan. Mandarin, is equally foreign to both Taiwanese and Hakka speakers, but is far more accessible to both than Japanese is, since they are all Sinitic languages. And as Taiwan became increasingly modernized and people became ever more mobile, there really was a need for a Taiwan-wide lingua franca. Taiwanese people may not have chosen Mandarin voluntarily, but it happened to come in handy. This again is similar to the role of English in the Philippines and India. 

Reason 5

As I have already discussed, parents are not choosing Taiwanese as their home language. But it doesn't mean they think this situation is good. Nobody in his right mind would say grand parents and grand children not being able to communicate with each other is a good thing. The reality is that parents do think preserving the Taiwan identity through Taiwanese is important, but when it boils down to a zero sum game, they would rather choose Mandarin (or even English, for that matter). Fishman would say, then, promote Taiwanese ideology harder. And that's exactly what the government has been trying, it seems. But there's a reason why this may not work: the separation of the Taiwanese language and Taiwan identity.  

Taiwanese people have appropriated Mandarin, and turn it into a medium suited for conveying their cultures and ideas. And it doesn't belong only to the Hokken-speakers, who make up less than 70% of the population. This is why President Tsai, considered a champion of Taiwan identity, makes her public statements in Mandarin. 

There's another added advantage to Mandarin. Unlike Taiwanese, which is still in an agonizing phase of being standardized, Mandarin already is a standardized language, with a more or less fixed writing convention. In fact, it is quite unthinkable in many countries in Asia that, when you walk into a bookstore, almost all books are in the same language as the one that people are speaking on the streets, as is the case in Taiwan. 

Having said all these five reasons above, the folklorized TV programs, events, speech contests, etc. in Taiwanese will continue. And the practice of Mandarin-based code-mixing with insertions here and there from Taiwanese, is already becoming the norm.  

We should also be careful not to be just celebratory about Mandarin in Taiwan. There is a pitfall. Suffice it to say here that there are risks to sharing the same language with a gigantic cultural content provider with little freedom of speech, which also happens to be your next door neighbor, and by the way, is your country's archenemy. It is possible to argue that the current Bilingual Nation policy is an attempt to preempt this danger. A topic for another time. 

Japanese version of this article: https://peterkobayashi.blogspot.com/2022/04/5.html

Why New Taiwanese Bible is so Epoch-Making

A new edition of the protestant Bible Today's Taiwanese Version Romanized-Han Edition (現代台語聖經漢羅版), published late 2021, is quite epoch-making.

On each page, you see the romanized version in pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) on the left, Chinese characters on the right.

In order to understand its innovativeness, you need to have some background knowledge. Primarily, Taiwanese Hokkien (hereafter Taiwanese) is a language yet to be codified. That means, there is no single variety that is promoted by the government as the standard and accepted by all. Each place has its own variety, usually closer either to the Quanzhou or Zhangzhou dialect of Fujian. Traditionally, Amoy Version translated by Rev. Thomas Barclay and published in 1917, has been used in Hokkien-speaking churches across the world. As its name suggests, it uses the Amoy dialect, which is an amalgam leaning more towards the Quanzhou side. It is quite close to the local accent in the Taipei Basin, but not exactly the same. The Bible is typeset entirely in POJ only, which means the reader in Taiwan is forced to read it out with an Amoy accent, which is different from his or her own. The potential solution is a Taiwanese Bible entirely in Chinese characters. But the problem is that, like I said above, Taiwanese is not yet standardized, so there are potentially many different Chinese characters used to denote a single Taiwanese syllable. This causes trouble for the reader, because he or she does not know how a Chinese character should be pronounced in Taiwanese.

So this new version is quite revolutionary in at least two senses. First, the reader can now choose whether he or she wants to use the romanized version or Chinese characters version when he or she reads, solving the problem of different accents. This is useful in case the reader and/or audience are not familiar with the Amoy accent. The reader can choose to pronounce the Chinese characters in his or her own locally appropriate Taiwanese accent.

Second, this could reconciles the tension between the Old and New, in other words, the Amoy POJ tradition and newly emerging General Taiwanese (GT; 台灣優勢腔) accent. Traditionally, thanks to the Barclay's Bible, the standard orthography and pronunciation of the entire Hokkien-sphere have been the POJ and Amoy accent. However, starting from southwestern Taiwan, an amalgam accent called GT is spreading all across Taiwan, especially through the media. This variety is a Zhangzhou-based mixture, so it's quite distant from Amoy. The Ministry of Education (MoE) in Taipei has selected this variety (possibly for ideological reasons) and been using it in school textbooks. Because of mass media, this accent is becoming an unmarked one for many Taiwanese all over the island. The Tâi-lô (TL; 臺羅), the romanization system endorsed by the government although not yet widespread, is closely related to POJ. So it poses little problem for people who learned TL at school. 

Personally, I think the government should have just adopted POJ, which has been used to make people literate in Hokkien not just in Taiwan but also the rest of Hokkien-sphere. The motive behind TL, namely difficulty in typesetting, has already been overcome by new technology (unless the real motive was just trying to be as different as possible from the rest of the Hokkien-speaking world). If the publication of this new Bible will reverse the trend in favor of POJ remains to be seen.

Is Taiwanese Hokkien a non-colonial language? 台湾語は非植民言語か？

I've heard some people classify Taiwanese Hokkien (hereafter Hokkien), Hakka, and Austronesian languages as local or indigenous languages, and Japanese and Mandarin as external or colonial languages. (It is interesting why English is not included in the list of colonial languages, but that is a topic for another blog post.)

So, is Hokkien really a non-colonial language?

Today, most people who have grown up in households where Hokkien is spoken identify themselves as Taiwanese or Holo. 

But if we look at history, we find that there were also Teochew and Hokchiu people in pre-Japanese Taiwan. The former is remotely related to Hokkien, while the latter is a totally different language. Tamsui, the English name for the port town in northern Taiwan, is a transliteration of the Hokchiu sound. Those people assimilated into the Hokkien mainstream, abandoning their original languages.

Also, it is well-known that Pepo tribes, e.g. Ketagalan, Kavalan, Siraya, etc., have shifted linguistically from their original Austronesian languages to Hokkien.

The same kind of shift is happening right at this moment. More and more Taiwanese people are adopting Mandarin as their dominant language, through which they express their Taiwanese identity and sense of belonging. As the government is pushing forwards its Bilingual Nation 2030 (BN30) policy, there may even be a further shift from Mandarin to English several decades down the road.

So, is it fair to say that Mandarin is a colonial language in Taiwan while Hokkien is not? Well, I think it's fairer to say they both are "colonial" languages if you insist on using that term.

台湾閩南語（台湾語）や客家語、オーストロネシア諸語などを土着言語、日本語や華語（北京語）を「植民（外来）言語」と分類する人がよくいる。（なぜ英語が植民言語として槍玉に挙げられないのかが興味深いが、それは別稿に譲ることにする。）

台湾語は本当に非植民言語なのだろうか？

今日、台湾の台湾語が話される家庭で育った人はたいてい、自分が台湾人、つまりホーロー人であると考える。

しかし、歴史を紐解くと、日本統治以前の台湾にも少なからず潮州人や福州人がいたことがわかる。前者は台湾語と遠戚関係にある言語で、後者は全く異なる言語である。例えば、台湾北部の港町の英語名Tamsuiは、福州語読みである。さて、この人達は、やがてもともとの言語を放棄し、主流台湾語（ホーロー人）に同化した。

また、よく知られているように、平埔族（例えばクタガラン族・カヴァラン族・シラヤ族など）は、オーストロネシア系の言語を放棄し、主流台湾語にシフトした。

同じようなことが、今目の前で起こっている。多くの台湾人が、北京語にシフトして、その台湾化した北京語（台湾華語）を通して、台湾のアイデンティティや帰属感を語るようになっている。現在、政府は「2030年バイリンガル国家政策」を推めているが、数十年後は、同じようにシフトが今度は英語に向かって起こっているかもしれない。

そういうわけで、「台湾語は土着言語、北京語は植民言語」という考え方は成り立つのだろうか？少なくとも、「植民〇〇」という用語にこだわるのなら、「台湾語も北京語も植民言語である」と言ったほうが正しいかもしれない。

Prof. Higgins of Hokkien

Professor Higgins of Hokkien

A great sociolinguist and dialectologist of Taiwan

He started his Ph.D. when he was 50 years old!

He was able to tell the host's Hokkien was learned, not acquired 😆

I was inspired by Prof. Ang Uijin's work back in the late 90s when I was trying to learn Hokkien.

If Stephen Kranshen is right...

This was the first time I attended a Hokkien mass really "attentively" for the first time. 

It was doubly tiring! But I think I did OK given that I had practiced the day before.

I understood about 60 to 70% of the homily. If Stephen Krashen is right, I will be super proficient in Hokkien soon (hopefully)! 

After mass, I chatted with the priest.

He who had a Chiang-chiu accent during the mass, actually had a Choân-chiu accent when chatting informally! He is actually from Pak-tâu, which is a Tâng-oaⁿ accent area, a heavier accent than Siā-á for that matter! (Siā-á/Āu-káng Tâng-oaⁿ accent is closer to Taipei Standard accent, without centralized vowels.)

Perhaps owing to the fact that Hokkien mass is more prevalent in southern Taiwan, Chiang-chiu accent is uniformly used for masses: For example sèⁿ-miā, Goán, etc.

Anyway, I will go with the flow. 

After that, I went along with some of the parishioners there to Shilin parish, where there was a pān-toh for Christ the King.

An Indonesian choir was performing. They were awesome!

The youth group performed a dance to the tune of "Kimetsu." It's popular even here 😮

U.S. “spy” plane over Au-káng-kîⁿ?

 民國34年美軍拍的後港墘 (English follows below)

看得出277巷是「重要幹道」！

景祐宮不在現在的位置（你們當然知道）

後港當時是社子的一部份（講「同安腔」的，別於士林街的漳腔）

另外，酒店內和三角埔都在「後港生活圈」內

An aerial photo of Āu-káng-kîⁿ taken by US forces in 1945

You can see that Lane 277 was THE major thoroughfare!

And the temple in the corner wasn’t there. (Of course, you guys remember that!)

Au-káng was part of Siā-á back then (this explains your Tang-oaⁿ accent 😆) and the area of activity mainly extended north-south along the river.

Connecting with the past in written language

I’ve been wondering why Taiwanese people seem so oblivious about their mother tongues dying out, and I realize that they still retain their connection to the ancient past through the written language, even though spoken languages have changed countless times already.

 

Tâi-gí mass training session in 社子天主堂

 

Many of us in northern Taiwan are not familiar with Tâi-gí liturgy, so we need practice!

Kanji lover's paradise

 

Super old artefacts from almost a millenia before Christ bear inscriptions which are related to the current kanjis still in use by all the people here in Taiwan. Amazing!

What LPP can teach us about BN30

I recently attended a conference here in Taipei where many discussions were over the Bilingual Nation 2030 (BN30) policy of Taiwan. Prior to attending the conference, I happened to have re-read books about Language Policy and Planning (LPP). This was helpful for coming up with some personal observations about the policy. Here are the three takeaways from the conference, informed by findings in LPP studies.  

Number one: Two languages can never coexist stably in the same domain in the same society. Therefore, trying to teach content knowledge in two languages at the same time may end up to be a futile effort unless done very skillfully. The only way for multiple languages to coexist in one society is for those languages to be used in different domains. Within the context of elementary and secondary education in Taiwan, it seems that the main vehicle for conveying content knowledge will be Mandarin; while English will be used for classroom interactions. 

Number two: It is very difficult to make people change their linguistic behavior, unless using very coercive means. Actually, Taiwan already is a very rare example of success. Under the high-handed one-party rule by the KMT, Mandarin successfully supplanted Hokkien (a.k.a Taiwanese), Japanese, and other indigenous languages in Taiwan because there was a large-scale stigmatization campaign of the latter by the government. As the democratization advanced, millions of dollars and massive effort went into revitalizing Hokkien, Hakka and aboriginal languages, but the attrition of those languages has been unstoppable. On the other hand, people tend to voluntarily shift towards the language with higher prestige that promises economic gain and ability to communicate with the larger society. This is why many Hakkas abandoned their language in favor of Hokkien, and later, Mandarin. What the KMT government succeeded in doing was artificially creating a situation where Mandarin became the prestige language. So, if English proves to be a language with real prestige and utility, people will jump at it without any coercion. (This may especially be the case, after hearing in the conference of a finding that very small percentage of Taiwanese people were worried that adopting English would threaten their cultural identity.)

Number three: Immersion approach may work best in changing the linguistic behavior of the next generation. In direct contradiction to the mainstream voice in the profession which claims using the learner's L1 to scaffold their L2 learning is the most efficient method, L2-only immersion programs are known to produce good results, where children acquired high proficiency in L2 while maintaining L1. However, it must be noted that many of these immersion success stories originate from locations where children get a lot of exposure to both languages outside classroom. It also presupposes that there is a sufficient number of teachers highly proficient in L2. 

Based on the above points, here are some observations about the prospects of BN30. If the goal of the policy is to shift the medium of instruction (MoI) from Mandarin to English, the chance of success does not seem very high under the current approach. (Indeed, the policy statement of the Taiwanese government states that one of the main goals of the policy is to increase the number of students who are capable to attending English as a medium of instruction (EMI) courses in universities.) It  may succeed, though, in replacing Mandarin with English as the language of classroom interaction between teachers and students, while the medium for imparting content knowledge remains Mandarin. This will create a situation hitherto non-existent in Taiwan, namely, English being used as a language for domestic communication, albeit in limited domains. It may have an indirect effect of creating a generation more predisposed to learning English further, so as to enter EMI programs in higher education. In any case, it is essential for the government to clarify the goals of BN30 in more concrete terms, and adopt measures that are more finely tuned to accomplish them. 

Parishes in Yunlin with prominent vocations

Chúi-bé (水尾) parish is in Lunbei, Yunlin County. The entire village is surnamed Chung and catholic. So this small parish is like their family church. Even the current archbishop of Taipei is from this parish!

It was founded by a local couple who were lay catechists. Lay catechists are important!

In nearby village of Chhiú-á-kha (樹仔腳；饒平), there is also a prominent parish that produced a lot of vocations.

In the churchyard, there's a big open space for pān-toh. It must seldom rain here!

Thank you, Fr Chang Chin-chen, for your warm hospitality!

Ruins of Todos Los Santos in San Salvador (Keelung)

 

The post city of Keelung used to be called San Salvador when it was under Spanish occupation. Several years ago, archeologists found the ruins of the Dominican Church of All Saints (Todos los Santos) under a parking lot. They also found human remains and some items including a cross. It was here that Japanese Dominican missionaries from Manila were formed before being sent to Japan only to be martyred there. All the saints, particularly the Dominican missionaries who worked evangelization of Japan, pray for us!

By the way, had the Spaniards not been kicked out by the Dutch, Taiwan would have been part of the Philippines today. The local Basay language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian (Austronesian) language family and shares many similarities with Philippine languages. For example, "ulan" means rain in both Basay and Tagalog! Besides, the Spaniards brought in many Kapampangans from central Luzon to fight against the invading Dutch. And even today, there are many guest workers from the Philippines all over Taiwan, including Keelung.

Imminent death of Taiwanese Hokkien?

Only 7.4% of kids in Taiwan speak Taiwanese. This is the generation that grew up decades after the government started spending a lot of money to promote non-Mandarin languages, including for Taiwanese as a subject in elementary education. Why does Taiwanese keep receding while Taiwan identity continues to spread? Why are parents with strong Taiwan identity choosing to raise their kids in the language of Beijing? There has to be a better explanation than that the KMT’s language policy, which ended ages ago, was extremely successful. #imminentdeathoftaiwanesehttps://www.thenewslens.com/article/157030

Re editorial of Taipei Times: Language is not just a tool

My comment after reading the Taipei Times editorial on a legislator who insisted on speaking Hokkien:

While it's true that language is not just a tool but a marker of identity, it remains to be seen if pragmatic Taiwanese people will accept the inconvenience of having to communicate among themselves through interpreters, while already having a lingua franca they all understand. Just as Hokkien became the language of Taiwanese identity by replacing numerous other languages both Sinitic and Austronesian, Mandarin does have a chance to become a language of Taiwanese identity once day. Or perhaps it already has.

https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2021/10/06/2003765596

Mandarin now endonormative in Taiwan

Standard Mandarin used to be exonormative in Taiwan, but the norm giver later moved to the island, and then lost the mainland. Today, unless you are opposed to it for ideological reasons, Taiwan Mandarin is entirely endonormative in Taiwan, and has even become the "language of the heart" especially for the younger generation both domestically and among the diaspora.

Teochew people

I once wrote that some Taiwanese people who identify themselves as Hokkien or Hakka might actually be descendants of Teochews.

Teochews are an interesting group of people among the overseas Chinese, whose ancestral land overlaps with that of Hakkas in the eastern part of Guangdong. Today, the main city is Swatow (Shantou) but it used to be Chaozhou in the past, from which the name of the group derive.

Although geographically from Guangdong, the Teochew language is closely related to Hokkien. Teochew spoken in places like Singapore is mutually intelligible with Hokkien, perhaps because it has been under the heavy influence from the latter, who form the majority there. But I heard that Teochew spoken in Swatow today is not readily intelligible to Hokkien speakers from Amoy.

The majority of ethnic Chinese in Thailand and Cambodia are Teochews, and even the royal family of the former has some Teochew ancestry.

The first Teochews who came into personal contact with me was a refugee family from Cambodia at the Chinese mass community back when it still met at Sophia University. That made me realize that the family running my favorite restaurant Cambodia in Takadanobaba actually was also Teochew.

The Singaporean exchange student I met also at the Chinese mass was also Teochew, and so was the family I stayed with when I was in Johor Baru, Malaysia, on my way to the UK back in 1992.

While I was in Hull, I once visited a Singaporean lady who married with a local English person. I remember she was also Teochew. The wife of one of my best friends from my Hull years is also Teochew, who come from an area close to Thai border on the east coast of Malaysia. Since Teochews from the majority of Thai Chinese, her family might have also moved from Thailand.

By the way, Mr. Li Ka-shing, one of the richest tycoons in Hong Kong, is also a Teochew and there's a YouTube video of him speaking in Teochew. Unfortunately, he is not a personal friend of mine.

Do you have any Teochew friends? Tell me about them.

CEP Self-directed study portal

Self-directed Study Instruction (Last updated Fall 2025):

To master English, just attending classes is not enough. You also need exposure to English at least 30 minutes a day, five times a week. The best way to do this are:

1. Read a book you're interested in without using a dictionary (Extensive Reading, ER)
2. Use websites, watch videos or listen to podcasts about the topics you're interested in, then make sentences with the new words you learned in them in your vocabulary notebook (Self-directed study)

How to do your weekly self-directed study:

1. Choose a website from this page. You can choose from:
• Type 1: Use English learning websites
• Type 2: Read online articles about your area of interest
• Type 3: Watch online videos or listen to podcasts
2. Study/read/watch/listen to it.
3. Write down any new words into your vocabulary notebook. Visit Cambridge Dictionary Online for definitions and example sentences, if necessary.
4. Click the link and fill in self-directed study report form at least once a week:
• For CEP2 students: Click here
• For CEP6A students: Click here
  

👍= Highly recommended by Peter!

WHAT'S NEW

Accurate English

A classic YouTube channel for learning the American accent.

https://www.youtube.com/@AccurateEnglish

BBC Learning English 👍
Now easier to navigate with a new look!
https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/

Sounds Right App 👍

A smartphone app with an interactive phonetic symbol chart. It helps you to remember phonetic symbols for British English.

Apple App Store:   https://apps.apple.com/us/app/learnenglish-sounds-right/id387588128

Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/search?q=sounds%20right&c=apps

VoiceTube

Watch K-Pop star's makeup video, Hayao Miyazaki anime with subtitles and Japanese translations to learn English! 👍

https://jp.voicetube.com/

English Central

Record your voice after watching a video and check your score! 👍 

https://ja.englishcentral.com/browse/videos

TYPE 1: ENGLISH LEARNING WEBSITES

Learn English Online: British Council 👍
So many free English courses! Who needs eikaiwa schools any more?
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org

LearnEnglish Kids: British Council  👍

For kids, but also good for young adults.

https://learnenglishkids.britishcouncil.org/

LearnEnglish Teens: British Council 👍

Even if you are above 20 years old, it's still good.

https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/

BBC Learning English 👍
You can watch the English learning programs of the British Broadcasting Corporation for free.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/

Tim's Pronunciation Workshop 
Learn British pronunciation the fun way.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/pronunciation

English in One Minute 👍

Short and easy way to learn British English.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/course/eiam/

VOA Learning English 👍

Free videos and audio files in different levels from the Voice of America.
https://learningenglish.voanews.com

VOA Special English TEXT and MP3 FILES
You can download the audio files of Voice of America programs in slower speed and read the scripts.
http://www.manythings.org/voa/scripts/

Test English

Good for TOEIC and/or EIKEN preparation.

https://test-english.com

Duolingo 👍

You can take a placement test for free. It has a Japanese version.
https://www.duolingo.com

ELSA Speak 👍

An app that helps you improve your pronunciation. It has a Japanese version.

https://elsaspeak.com/en/

TYPE 2: ARTICLES ABOUT VARIOUS AREAS OF INTEREST

MLB News
Are you a baseball fan?
https://www.mlb.com/news

Anime News Network
Are you an anime fan?
https://www.animenewsnetwork.com

Allkpop
Are you a K-pop fan?
https://www.allkpop.com

Game Informer
Are you an online game fan?
https://www.gameinformer.com

News in Levels 👍
You can read the news in different levels.
https://www.newsinlevels.com/#

News Reviews
Do you want to be able to read news in English? Here's the place to be.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/course/newsreview

Breaking News English
News stories that are designed to help you improve your English.
https://breakingnewsenglish.com

毎日ウィークリー 👍
最新号に限り無料で一部記事の全文が読め、音声が聞けます。
https://mainichi.jp/weekly/

Flight attendant central

For people preparing to become flight attendants.

https://flightattendantcentral.com

American Kennel Clubs

For all the dog lovers out there.

https://www.akc.org/

TYPE 3: VIDEOS AND PODCASTS

Six Minute English👍

A immensely popular podcast series from BBC Learning English

https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english

Nick's English

EIKEN interview practice videos (British accent)

https://www.youtube.com/@NicksEnglish

JForrest English

Jennifer is another popular English-teaching YouTuber.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLNBasuHKOILIwewAetJO6g

Nas Daily
That crazy guy on YouTube who makes a one-minute video every day.
https://www.youtube.com/user/nyassin14

English with Lucy 
Probably the most popular English teacher on the web.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz4tgANd4yy8Oe0iXCdSWfA

Video Zone: British Council 👍
Authentic videos with transcripts and tasks
https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/general-english/video-zone

Latifs Inspired

Are you into cooking? Try some British Indian food tonight.

https://www.youtube.com/@LatifsInspired

Cathy Cat カティー
German girl YouTuber explains Harajuku kawaii culture.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIg-kRovqtSqWC1kjfKTTZQ

Sam Chui

For people who want to become pilots, flight attendants, or are just interested in airplanes.

https://www.youtube.com/user/N178UA

Easy Natural English with Liam

A British online teacher based in Japan

https://www.youtube.com/@easynaturalenglish

World Friends

Young people talking about different languages

https://www.youtube.com/@worldfriends77

Izzy Sealy

Want to know what it's like to be a medical student at Cambridge?

https://www.youtube.com/@IzzySealey/featured

BBC 6 Minute English 👍
All you need is six minutes to learn new English vocabulary and expressions.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english

The English We Speak 👍
Want to impress your teacher? The latest words and expressions you can use in everyday conversations are here.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/the-english-we-speak

TED Talks
It is helpful for improving your presentation skills as well as English in general.
https://www.ted.com/talks

Learn English with Gill 

The most serene English teacher ever!

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzBGtBze1AIcDmRwD2ZjiAA